Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is a common mental health disorder characterized by intense fear and discomfort in social situations. It is a type of anxiety disorder that can significantly impact an individual’s daily life, making it challenging to interact with others and participate in social activities. This disorder can manifest in different ways, such as feeling self-conscious, being afraid of humiliation or embarrassment, and avoiding social situations altogether. In this article, we will explore the specific name and definition of social anxiety disorder and discuss its symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
Social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia) is one of the more common anxiety disorders. It involves fear of embarrassment or humiliation in situations where you are exposed to the scrutiny of others or you must perform. This fear is much stronger than the normal anxiety most nonphobic people experience in social or performance situations. Usually it’s so strong that it causes you to avoid the situation altogether, although some people with social phobia endure social situations, albeit with considerable anxiety. Typically, your concern is that you will say or do something that will cause others to judge you as being anxious, weak, “crazy,” or stupid. Your concern is generally out of proportion with the‐ situation, and you recognize that it’s excessive (children with social phobia, however, do not recognize the excessiveness of their fear).
The most common social phobia is fear of public speaking. In fact, this is the most common of all phobias and affects performers, speakers, people whose jobs require them to make presentations, and students who have to speak before their class. Public-speaking phobia affects a large percentage of the population and is equally prevalent among men and women.
Other common social phobias include
- Fear of blushing in public
- Fear of choking on or spilling food while eating in public Fear of being watched at work
- Fear of using public toilets
- Fear of writing or signing documents in the presence of others
- Fear of crowds
- Fear of taking examinations
Sometimes social phobia is less specific and involves a generalized fear of any social or group situation where you feel that you might be watched or evaluated. When your fear is of a wide range of social situations (for example, initiating conversations, participating in small groups, speaking to authority figures, dating, attending parties, and so on), the condition is referred to as generalized social phobia.
Common symptoms of social anxiety disorder include blushing, sweating, trembling, heart palpitations, and nausea. Many people who are unaware that they are socially phobic use alcohol to reduce these symptoms, which, in some cases, can lead to alcoholism.
While social anxieties are common, you would be given a formal diagnosis of social phobia only if your avoidance interferes with work, social activities, or important relationships, and/or if it causes you considerable distress. As with agoraphobia, panic attacks can accompany social phobia, although your panic is related more to being embarrassed or humiliated than to being confined or trapped. Also, the panic arises only in connection with a specific type of social situation.
Social phobias tend to develop earlier than agoraphobia and can begin in late childhood or adolescence, often between ages eleven and nineteen. They often develop in shy children around the time they are faced with increased peer pressure at school. Typically these phobias persist (without treatment) through adolescence and young adulthood but have a tendency to decrease in severity later in life. Recent studies suggest that social phobia affects between 3 to 7 percent of the U.S. population and may be more prevalent among men than women. Up to 14 percent of adults experience social phobia at some time in their lives. Social anxiety disorder occurs almost twice as often in women, but men are more likely to seek treatment for it (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1999).
A significant percentage of people with social anxiety disorder are clinically depressed, have another anxiety disorder such as panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, or are dealing with substance abuse.
As with other anxiety disorders, there are both genetic and environmental components in the causes of social anxiety disorder. If one identical twin has the problem, the other twin is 30 to 50 percent more likely to have the problem. At the same time, social anxiety in adoptive parents is significantly correlated with social anxiety in their children (Kendler, Karkowski, and Prescott 1999).
Current Treatment
All of the following interventions are part of the current treatment for social phobia:
Relaxation Training. Abdominal breathing and deep relaxation techniques are practiced on a regular basis to assuage physical symptoms of anxiety.
Cognitive Therapy. Fearful thoughts that tend to perpetuate social phobias are identified, challenged, and replaced with more realistic thoughts. For example, the thought “I’ll make a fool of myself if I speak up” would be replaced with the idea “It’s okay if I’m a bit awkward at first when I speak up—most people won’t be bothered.”
Cognitive therapists tend to focus on three specific types of cognitive distortions: an excessive focus on anxiety symptoms and how they might appear to others, distortions in self-concept about your social attractiveness, and the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of a negative evaluation.
Exposure. Exposure involves gradually and incrementally facing the social situation or situations you’re phobic about. You might do this first in imagery and then in real life. For example, if you’re phobic of public speaking, you might start out giving a one-minute talk to a friend and then gradually increase, through many steps, both the duration of your talk and the number of people you speak to. Or, if you have difficulty speaking up in groups, you’d gradually increase both the length and degree of self- disclosure of remarks made in a group setting. (See chapter 7.) After each exposure, you’d review and challenge any unrealistic thinking that caused anxiety. While the treatment for social phobia can be done on an individual basis, group therapy is the ideal treatment format. This allows direct exposure to the situation and stimuli that evoke anxiety in the first place.
Staying on Task. People with social phobia tend to focus a lot on how they are doing or try to gauge other people’s reactions while speaking in a social situation. Treatment includes training yourself to focus only on the task at hand, whether conversing with a boss, speaking up in class, or presenting information to a group.
Medication. SSRI medications such as Zoloft, Luvox, Cymbalta, or Lexapro, or low doses of benzodiazepine tranquilizers such as Xanax or Klonopin, may be used as an adjunct to the cognitive and exposure-based treatments described above. Sometimes MAO-inhibitor medications such as Nardil or Parnate are used to treat social phobia with success. (See chapter 17.)
Social Skills Training. In some cases, learning basic social skills such as smiling and making eye contact, maintaining a conversation, self- disclosure, and active listening are part of the treatment for social phobia.
Assertiveness Training. Training in assertiveness, the ability to ask directly for what you want or to say no to what you don’t want, is often included in the treatment. (See chapter 13.)