Social cohesion refers to the level of interconnectedness and solidarity within a community or society. It is essential for fostering a sense of belonging, mutual trust, and cooperation among individuals from diverse backgrounds. However, achieving and maintaining social cohesion is a complex and ongoing process that requires deliberate efforts from both individuals and institutions. In this essay, we will explore the various factors and strategies that contribute to promoting and sustaining social cohesion within a community or society. By understanding these elements, we can better comprehend the importance of social cohesion and how it can be strengthened for the betterment of our communities and societies.

Social cohesion is a term used in social policy, sociology and political science to describe the bonds or “glue” that bring people together in society, particularly in the context of cultural diversity. Social cohesion is a multi-faceted notion covering many different kinds of social phenomena. It is associated with theories of sociological structural functionalism and political conservatism. It is sometimes also used as a euphemism for the state of race relations and is closely related to the concept of Housing inequality

Social cohesion has become an important theme in British social policy in the period since the disturbances in Britain’s Northern mill towns (Oldham, Bradford and Burnley) in the summer of 2001 (see Oldham riots, Bradford riots, Burnley riots). In investigating these, academic Ted Cantle drew heavily on the concept of social cohesion, and the New Labour government (particularly then Home Secretary David Blunkett) in turn widely promoted the notion. As the Runnymede Trust noted in their “The Year of Cohesion” in 2003:

“If there has been a key word added to the Runnymede lexicon in 2002, it is cohesion. A year from publication of the report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, the Cantle, Denham, Clarke, Ouseley and Ritchie reports moved cohesion to the forefront of the UK race debate.”

According to the government-commissioned, State of the English Cities thematic reports, there are five different dimensions of social cohesion: material conditions, passive relationships, active relationships, inclusion and equality.

The report shows that material conditions are fundamental to social cohesion, particularly employment, income, health, education and housing. Relations between and within communities suffer when people lack work and endure hardship, debt, anxiety, low self-esteem, ill-health, poor skills and bad living conditions. These basic necessities of life are the foundations of a strong social fabric and important indicators of social progress.
The second basic tenet of cohesion is social order, safety and freedom from fear, or “passive social relationships”. Tolerance and respect for other people, along with peace and security, are hallmarks of a stable and harmonious urban society.
The third dimension refers to the positive interactions, exchanges and networks between individuals and communities, or “active social relationships”. Such contacts and connections are potential resources for places since they offer people and organisations mutual support, information, trust and credit of various kinds.
The fourth dimension is about the extent of social inclusion or integration of people into the mainstream institutions of civil society. It also includes people’s sense of belonging to a city and the strength of shared experiences, identities and values between those from different backgrounds.
Lastly, social equality refers to the level of fairness or disparity in access to opportunities or material circumstances, such as income, health or quality of life, or in future life chances.

Analysts at the credit rating agency Moody’s have also introduced the possibility of adding social cohesion as a formal rating into their sovereign debt indices.